How Many Ounces Is a Can of Tuna

Tribe of fishes

"Tunas" redirects hither. For other uses, see Las Tunas.

Tuna Temporal range: Ypresian-recent , 56.0–0 Ma PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J Thou Pg N [1]
Tunas (from top): albacore, Atlantic bluefin, skipjack, yellowfin, bigeye
Scientific nomenclature
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Actinopterygii
Lodge:	Scombriformes
Family:	Scombridae
Subfamily:	Scombrinae
Tribe:	Thunnini Starks, 1910
Genera
Allothunnus: slender tunas Auxis: frigate tunas Euthynnus: little tunas Katsuwonus: skipjack tunas Thunnus: albacores, true tunas

A tuna is a saltwater fish that belongs to the tribe Thunnini, a subgrouping of the Scombridae (mackerel) family unit. The Thunnini comprise 15 species beyond five genera,^[2] the sizes of which vary greatly, ranging from the bullet tuna (max length: 50 cm or one.6 ft, weight: 1.8 kg or iv lb) up to the Atlantic bluefin tuna (max length: 4.6 grand or 15 ft, weight: 684 kg or 1,508 lb), which averages two m (6.vi ft) and is believed to live up to 50 years.

Tuna, opah and mackerel sharks are the only species of fish that can maintain a trunk temperature higher than that of the surrounding water. An active and active predator, the tuna has a sleek, streamlined torso, and is among the fastest-swimming pelagic fish – the yellowfin tuna, for example, is capable of speeds of upwardly to 75 km/h (47 mph).^{[iii] [4]} Profoundly inflated speeds tin be found in early scientific reports and yet widely reported in the pop literature.^[4]

Found in warm seas, the tuna is commercially fished extensively every bit a nutrient fish, and is popular as a bluewater game fish. As a issue of overfishing, some tuna species, such equally the southern bluefin tuna, are threatened with extinction.^[5]

Etymology

The term "tuna" ultimately derives from Heart Latin Thunnus (from Ancient Greek: θύννος, romanized: thýnnos , lit.'tunny-fish'), which is in turn derived from θύνω (thýnō) , meaning "to blitz, dart along".^{[vi] [seven]}

The immediate source for "tuna" in English is Castilian atún < Andalusian Arabic at-tūn, assimilated from al-tūn التون [Mod Arabic التن] : 'tuna fish' < Greco-Latin thunnus mentioned to a higher place.^[8]

Taxonomy

The Thunnini tribe is a monophyletic clade comprising 15 species in five genera:

• family unit Scombridae
  • tribe Thunnini: tunas
    • genus Allothunnus: slender tunas
    • genus Auxis: frigate tunas
    • genus Euthynnus: little tunas
    • genus Katsuwonus: skipjack tunas
    • genus Thunnus: albacores and true tunas
      • subgenus Thunnus (Thunnus): bluefin group
      • subgenus Thunnus (Neothunnus): yellowfin group

The cladogram is a tool for visualizing and comparing the evolutionary relationships betwixt taxa, and is read left-to-right as if on a timeline. The following cladogram illustrates the relationship betwixt the tunas and other tribes of the family Scombridae. For example, the cladogram illustrates that the skipjack tunas are more closely related to the true tunas than are the slender tunas (the almost archaic of the tunas), and that the next nearest relatives of the tunas are the bonitos of the tribe Sardini.^[two]

The Tunas: Thunnini tribe, inside the Family Scombridae

Cladogram: Tunas are classified into the tribe Thunnini (bottom-eye in the above diagram) – one of 4 tribes in the family Scombridae.[2]

Truthful species

Relative sizes of diverse tunas, with the Atlantic bluefin tuna (pinnacle) at about eight ft (2.4 m) in this sample

The "true" tunas are those that belong to the genus Thunnus. Until recently, it was thought that there were seven Thunnus species, and that Atlantic bluefin tuna and Pacific bluefin tuna were subspecies of a single species. In 1999, Collette established that based on both molecular and morphological considerations, they are in fact distinct species.^{[9] [x]}

The genus Thunnus is further classified into two subgenera: Thunnus (Thunnus) (the bluefin group), and Thunnus (Neothunnus) (the yellowfin grouping).^[xi]

Thunnus, the true tunas
Epitome	Common name	Scientific proper noun	Maximum length	Common length	Maximum weight	Maximum historic period	Trophic level	Source	IUCN status
Thunnus (Thunnus) – the bluefin group
	Albacore tuna	T. alalunga (Bonnaterre, 1788)	1.iv yard (4.6 ft)	1.0 thousand (3.3 ft)	60.iii kg (133 lb)	9–13 yrs	4.31	[12] [13]	Near threatened [thirteen]
	Southern bluefin tuna	T. maccoyii (Castelnau, 1872)	2.45 grand (eight.0 ft)	1.6 m (5.2 ft)	260 kg (570 lb)	20–40 yrs	3.93	[14] [5]	Critically endangered [5]
	Bigeye tuna	T. obesus (Lowe, 1839)	ii.5 m (8.ii ft)	ane.eight grand (v.9 ft)	210 kg (460 lb)	v–sixteen yrs	4.49	[fifteen] [sixteen]	Vulnerable [xvi]
	Pacific bluefin tuna	T. orientalis (Temminck & Schlegel, 1844)	three.0 g (9.8 ft)	2.0 m (half-dozen.six ft)	450 kg (990 lb)	15–26 yrs	4.21	[17] [eighteen]	Vulnerable [xviii]
	Atlantic bluefin tuna	T. thynnus (Linnaeus, 1758)	4.6 m (15 ft)	two.0 k (6.six ft)	684 kg (1,508 lb)	35–l yrs	4.43	[19] [xx]	Endangered [20]
Thunnus (Neothunnus) – the yellowfin grouping
	Blackfin tuna	T. atlanticus (Lesson, 1831)	1.ane 1000 (three.6 ft)	0.7 one thousand (2.3 ft)	22.4 kg (49 lb)		iv.13	[21]	To the lowest degree business [22]
	Longtail tuna, northern bluefin tuna, tongol tuna	T. tonggol (Bleeker, 1851)	one.45 m (four.8 ft)	0.7 m (2.3 ft)	35.9 kg (79 lb)	eighteen years	four.l	[23] [24]	Information deficient [24]
	Yellowfin tuna	T. albacares (Bonnaterre, 1788)	2.four g (7.9 ft)	1.5 m (four.9 ft)	200 kg (440 lb)	5–9 yrs	4.34	[25] [26]	Near threatened [26]

Other species

The Thunnini tribe besides includes seven additional species of tuna across four genera. They are:

Other tuna species
Mutual name	Scientific name	Maximum length	Mutual length	Maximum weight	Maximum age	Trophic level	Source	IUCN status
Slender tuna	Allothunnus fallai (Serventy, 1948)	i.05 grand (three.4 ft)	0.86 k (ii.8 ft)	thirteen.7 kg (30 lb)		three.74	[27]	Least business organisation [28]
Bullet tuna	Auxis rochei (Risso, 1810)	0.v m (1.half-dozen ft)	0.35 m (1.i ft)	one.8 kg (4.0 lb)	5 years	four.13	[29] [30]	Least concern [30]
Frigate tuna	Auxis thazard (Lacépède, 1800)	0.65 m (two.one ft)	0.35 m (1.one ft)	1.7 kg (3.vii lb)	5 years	4.34	[31]	To the lowest degree concern [32]
Mackerel tuna, Kawakawa	Euthynnus affinis (Cantor, 1849)	ane.0 m (3.3 ft)	0.vi m (2.0 ft)	13.6 kg (thirty lb)	half-dozen years	iv.l	[33] [34]	Least business organisation [34]
Petty tunny	Euthynnus alletteratus (Rafinesque, 1810)	one.2 m (iii.9 ft)	0.viii g (two.6 ft)	16.v kg (36 lb)	10 years	4.13	[35]	Least business [36]
Black skipjack tuna	Euthynnus lineatus (Kishinouye, 1920)	0.84 m (2.eight ft)	0.half-dozen one thousand (2.0 ft)	11.8 kg (26 lb)		iii.83	[37] [38]	To the lowest degree concern [38]
Skipjack tuna	Katsuwonus pelamis (Linnaeus, 1758)	1.ane m (iii.6 ft)	0.8 grand (ii.half-dozen ft)	34.five kg (76 lb)	6–12 yrs	3.75	[39] [40]	To the lowest degree concern [40]

Biology

Bigeye tuna Thunnus obesus showing finlets and keels. Finlets are found betwixt the terminal dorsal and/or anal fin and the caudal fin. They are rayless and non-retractable.
Drawing by Dr Tony Ayling.

Description

The tuna is a sleek and streamlined fish, adapted for speed. It has 2 closely spaced dorsal fins on its back; The first is "depressible" – information technology tin be laid downward, flush, in a groove that runs along its dorsum. Vii to 10 yellow finlets run from the dorsal fins to the tail, which is lunate – curved similar a crescent moon – and tapered to pointy tips. The caudal peduncle, to which the tail is fastened, is quite thin, with three stabilizing horizontal keels on each side. The tuna's dorsal side is generally a metal dark blue, while the ventral side, or underside, is silvery or whitish, for camouflage.^[41]

Physiology

Thunnus are widely just sparsely distributed throughout the oceans of the earth, generally in tropical and temperate waters at latitudes ranging between about 45° northward and southward of the equator.^[42] All tunas are able to maintain the temperature of sure parts of their body higher up the temperature of ambient seawater. For example, bluefin tin can maintain a core body temperature of 25–33 °C (77–91 °F), in water equally cold every bit six °C (43 °F). Different other endothermic creatures such as mammals and birds, tuna practice not maintain temperature within a relatively narrow range.^{[43] [44]}

Tunas accomplish endothermy by conserving the estrus generated through normal metabolism. In all tunas, the heart operates at ambience temperature, as it receives cooled blood, and coronary circulation is straight from the gills.^[45] The rete mirabile ("wonderful internet"), the intertwining of veins and arteries in the body's periphery, allows nigh all of the metabolic heat from venous blood to exist "re-claimed" and transferred to the arterial blood via a counter-electric current exchange system, thus mitigating the effects of surface cooling.^[46] This allows the tuna to elevate the temperatures of the highly-aerobic tissues of the skeletal muscles, eyes and brain,^{[43] [45]} which supports faster swimming speeds and reduced energy expenditure, and which enables them to survive in cooler waters over a wider range of ocean environments than those of other fish.^[44]

As well unlike most fish, which accept white mankind, the muscle tissue of tuna ranges from pink to nighttime carmine. The ruddy myotomal muscles derive their colour from myoglobin, an oxygen-binding molecule, which tuna express in quantities far higher than nigh other fish. The oxygen-rich claret further enables energy delivery to their muscles.^[43]

For powerful swimming animals like dolphins and tuna, cavitation may be detrimental, because it limits their maximum swimming speed.^[47] Even if they have the power to swim faster, dolphins may have to restrict their speed, because collapsing cavitation bubbling on their tail are too painful. Cavitation as well slows tuna, only for a different reason. Unlike dolphins, these fish practise not feel the bubbles, because they have bony fins without nerve endings. Nevertheless, they cannot swim faster considering the cavitation bubbles create a vapor film effectually their fins that limits their speed. Lesions have been plant on tuna that are consistent with cavitation impairment.^[47]

Fishing

Maximum reported sizes of tuna species

Commerce

Tuna is an of import commercial fish. The International Seafood Sustainability Foundation (ISSF) compiled a detailed scientific report on the state of global tuna stocks in 2009, which includes regular updates. Co-ordinate to the ISSF, the most important species for commercial and recreational tuna fisheries are yellowfin (Thunnus albacares), bigeye (T. obesus), bluefin (T. thynnus, T. orientalis, and T. macoyii), albacore (T. alalunga), and skipjack (Katsuwonus pelamis).^[42]

Based on catches from 2007, the report states:

Between 1940 and the mid-1960s, the annual world catch of the five principal market species of tunas rose from nearly 300 m tons to well-nigh 1 million tons, most of it taken past hook and line. With the development of purse-seine nets, at present the predominant gear, catches have risen to more than 4 meg tons annually during the last few years. Of these catches, nearly 68 percent are from the Pacific Ocean, 22 percentage from the Indian Ocean, and the remaining x percent from the Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea. Skipjack makes upwards well-nigh sixty percent of the catch, followed by yellowfin (24 percentage), bigeye (10 percent), albacore (5 percentage), and bluefin the residue. Pocketbook-seines take well-nigh 62 per centum of the world production, longline virtually 14 percent, pole and line about 11 percent, and a multifariousness of other gears the remainder.^[42]

The Australian government declared in 2006 that Nippon had illegally overfished southern bluefin by taking 12,000 to 20,000 tonnes per twelvemonth instead of the agreed upon half-dozen,000 tonnes; the value of such overfishing would be as much every bit United states$2 billion.^[48] Such overfishing has severely damaged bluefin stocks.^[49] According to the WWF, "Japan's huge appetite for tuna volition take the most sought-after stocks to the brink of commercial extinction unless fisheries concord on more rigid quotas".^[50] Japan's Fisheries Research Bureau counters that Australian and New Zealand tuna fishing companies under-report their total catches of southern bluefin tuna and ignore internationally mandated total allowable catch totals.^[51]

In recent years, opening day fish auctions at Tokyo's Tsukiji fish market and Toyosu Marketplace take seen record-setting prices for bluefin tuna, reflecting market demand. In each of 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013 and 2019, new record prices take been set for a single fish – the current record is 333.6 million japanese yen (U.s.$three.i million) for a 278 kg (613 lb) bluefin, or a unit of measurement price of JP¥ 1,200,000/kg (United states$5,057/lb). The opening auction price for 2014 plummeted to less than 5% of the previous year's toll, which had fatigued complaints for climbing "way out of line".^[52] A summary of record-setting auctions are shown in the following table (highlighted values indicate new world records):

Record bluefin tuna auctions at Tokyo's Tsukiji fish market and Toyosu Market place
(Highlighted field indicates new record price for a single fish)
Twelvemonth	Total weight	Total sale		Unit price		Source
		(JP ¥)	(US $)	(¥ / kg)	($ / lb)
2001	202 kg (445 lb)	¥20.2 million	$173,600	¥100,000 / kg	$386 / lb	[53]
2010	232 kg (511 lb)	¥16.28 million	$175,000	¥seventy,172 / kg	$343 / lb	[54]
2011	342 kg (754 lb)	¥32.49 million	$396,000	¥95,000 / kg	$528 / lb	[53]
2012	269 kg (593 lb)	¥56.49 million	$736,000	¥210,000 / kg	$1,247 / lb	[55]
2013	221 kg (487 lb)	¥155.4 one thousand thousand	$ane.76 one thousand thousand	¥703,167 / kg	$3,603 / lb	[56]
2019	278 kg (613 lb)	¥333.half dozen 1000000	$iii.1 million	¥1,200,000 / kg	$5,057 / lb	[57]

In Nov 2011, a different record was set when a fisherman in Massachusetts caught an 881 lb (400 kg) tuna. It was captured inadvertently using a dragnet. Due to the laws and restrictions on tuna fishing in the Usa, federal authorities impounded the fish because information technology was not caught with a rod and reel. Because of the tuna's deteriorated condition as a result of the trawl cyberspace, the fish sold for just nether $5,000.^[58]

• 

  Tuna being weighed on Greek quay-side

• 

• 

  Tuna cutting in half for processing at Tsukuji fish market

Methods

External video
Tuna pole and line fishing BBC Ii

Also for edible purposes, many tuna species are caught frequently as game, frequently for recreation or for contests in which money is awarded based on weight. Larger specimens are notorious for putting upward a fight while hooked, and have been known to injure people who try to catch them, as well as damage their equipment.

• Phoenician technique for trapping and catching Atlantic bluefin tuna chosen Almadraba, still used today in Portugal, Kingdom of spain, Morocco and Italia which uses a maze of nets. In Sicily, the same method is called Tonnara.
• Fish farming (cage organisation)^[59]
• Tuna ranching
• Longline fishing
• Bag seines
• Pole and line
• Harpoon gun
• Big game fishing
• Fish aggregating device

Association with whaling

In 2005, Nauru, defending its vote from Australian criticism at that year'south meeting of the International Whaling Commission, argued that some whale species have the potential to devastate Nauru's tuna stocks, and that Republic of nauru's nutrient security and economic system relies heavily on fishing.^[threescore] Despite this, Republic of nauru does not permit whaling in its own waters and does non allow other fishing vessels to take or intentionally interact with marine mammals in its Exclusive Economic Zone. In 2010 and 2011, Republic of nauru supported Australian proposals^[61] for a western Pacific-wide ban on tuna pocketbook-seining in the vicinity of marine mammals – a measure which was agreed by the Western and Primal Pacific Fisheries Commission at its eighth meeting in March 2012.

Clan with dolphins

Dolphins swim beside several tuna species. These include yellowfin tuna in the eastern Pacific Ocean, but not albacore. Tuna schools are believed to associate themselves with dolphins for protection against sharks, which are tuna predators.^[62]

Commercial fishing vessels used to exploit this clan by searching for dolphin pods. Vessels would encircle the pod with nets to catch the tuna beneath.^[63] The nets were prone to entangling dolphins, injuring or killing them. Public outcry and new government regulations, which are now monitored past NOAA have led to more than dolphin-friendly methods, now generally involving lines rather than nets. There are neither universal independent inspection programs nor verification of dolphin safety, so these protections are not absolute. According to Consumers Union, the resulting lack of accountability ways claims of tuna that is "dolphin safe" should exist given little acceptance.

Fishery practices have inverse to be dolphin friendly, which has caused greater bycatch including sharks, turtles and other oceanic fish. Fishermen no longer follow dolphins, but concentrate their fisheries around floating objects such as fish assemblage devices, likewise known as FADs, which attract large populations of other organisms. Measures taken thus far to satisfy the public demand to protect dolphins tin be potentially damaging to other species equally well.^[64]

Aquaculture

Increasing quantities of high-grade tuna caught at sea are reared in net pens and fed bait fish. In Australia, former fishermen raise southern bluefin tuna (Thunnus maccoyii) and another bluefin species.^{[59] [ verification needed ]} Farming its close relative, the Atlantic bluefin tuna, Thunnus thynnus, is start in the Mediterranean, N America and Japan. Hawaiʻi approved permits for the start U.Due south. offshore farming of bigeye tuna in water one,300 feet (400 m) deep in 2009.^[65]

Japan is the biggest tuna consuming nation and is also the leader in tuna farming research.^[66] Nippon first successfully farm-hatched and raised bluefin tuna in 1979. In 2002, it succeeded in completing the reproduction cycle and in 2007, completed a third generation.^{[67] [68] [69]} The subcontract breed is known as Kindai tuna. Kindai is the contraction of Kinki Academy in Japanese (Kinki daigaku).^[lxx] In 2009, Clean Seas, an Australian company which has been receiving assistance from Kinki University^{[71] [72] [73]} managed to brood southern bluefin tuna in captivity and was awarded the second place in World'due south Best Invention of 2009 by Time magazine.^{[74] [75]}

Food

Fresh and frozen

The fresh or frozen flesh of tuna is widely regarded equally a delicacy in most areas where it is shipped, being prepared in a multifariousness of means. When served every bit a steak, the meat of most species is known for its thickness and tough texture. In the U.K., supermarkets began flight in fresh tuna steaks in the late 1990s, which helped to increase the popularity of using fresh tuna in cooking; by 2009, celebrity chefs regularly featured fresh tuna in salads, wraps, and char-grilled dishes.^[76]

Served raw

Various species of tuna are oftentimes served raw in Japanese cuisine as sushi or sashimi.^[76]

Commercial sashimi tuna may have their coloration fixated by pumping carbon monoxide (CO) into bags containing the tuna, and belongings it at 4 °C. For a 2-inch tuna steak, this requires 24 hours. The fish is and so vacuum sealed and frozen. In Japan, color fixation using CO is prohibited.^[77]

• 

  Tuna steak served in a French bistro

Canned

Canned tuna on auction at a supermarket

Tuna is canned in edible oils, in brine, in water, and in diverse sauces. Tuna may be processed and labeled as "solid", "chunked" ("chunk") or "flaked". When tuna is canned and packaged for sale, the product is sometimes called tuna fish (U.S.), a calque (loan translation) from the High german Thunfisch.

Australia

Canned tuna was outset produced in Australia in 1903 and chop-chop became popular.^[78]

In the early on 1980s canned tuna in Australia was most likely southern bluefin, as of 2003^[update] it was ordinarily yellowfin, skipjack, or tongol (labelled "northern bluefin" or "longtail").^[78]

Australian standards one time required cans of tuna to incorporate at least 51% tuna, but those regulations were dropped in 2003.^{[79] [80]} The remaining weight is normally oil or h2o.

Usa

The production became more plentiful in the United states in the late 1940s. In 1950, viii,500,000 pounds of canned tuna were produced, and the U.South. Department of Agriculture classified it as a "plentiful food".^[81]

In the United States, 52% of canned tuna is used for sandwiches; 22% for tuna salads; and 15% for tuna casseroles and dried, prepackaged meal kits, such as Full general Mills's Tuna Helper line.^[82] Other canned tuna dishes include tuna melts (a type of sandwich where the tuna is mixed with mayonnaise and served on breadstuff with cheese melted on elevation); salade niçoise (a salad made of tuna, olives, green beans, potatoes, hard-boiled eggs and anchovy dressing); and tuna burgers (served on buns).

In the U.s.a., the Nutrient and Drug Administration (FDA) regulates canned tuna (see part c).^[83]

Precooked

Every bit tunas are oft caught far from where they are processed, poor interim conservation tin lead to spoilage. Tuna is typically gutted by hand, and later precooked for prescribed times of 45 minutes to 3 hours. The fish are then cleaned and filleted, canned (and sealed), with the dark lateral blood meat often separately canned for pet food (true cat or canis familiaris). The sealed tin is then heated under force per unit area (called "retort cooking") for 2–4 hours.^[84] This process kills any bacteria, only retains the histamine that may take been produced by those bacteria, and then may still gustatory modality spoiled. The international standard sets the maximum histamine level at 200 milligrams per kilogram. An Australian study of 53 varieties of unflavored canned tuna institute none to exceed the prophylactic histamine level, although some had "off" flavors.^[78]

Light and white

In some markets, depending upon the color of the flesh of the tuna species, the tin is marked every bit "calorie-free" or "white" meat, with "light" pregnant a greyish pink color and "white" pregnant a lite pink color. In the U.s., but albacore can legally be sold in canned class equally "white meat tuna";^[85] in other countries, yellowfin is also adequate.

Ventresca tuna

Ventresca tuna (from ventre, the Italian word for belly),^[86] is a luxury canned tuna,^[87] from the fatty bluefin tuna belly, also used in sushi equally toro.^{[88] [89]}

Nutrition

Tuna, light, canned in oil, tuckered solids

Nutritional value per 100 thou (three.5 oz)
Free energy	830 kJ (200 kcal)
Carbohydrates	0 g
Fatty	eight g
Protein	29 chiliad
Vitamins	Quantity %DV †
Vitamin A equiv.	3% 23 μg
Choline	half-dozen% 29 mg
Vitamin D	45% 269 IU
Minerals	Quantity %DV †
Calcium	i% thirteen mg
Iron	11% 1.4 mg
Magnesium	9% 31 mg
Phosphorus	44% 311 mg
Potassium	4% 207 mg
Zinc	9% 0.9 mg
Other constituents	Quantity
Water	60 thousand
Units μg = micrograms • mg = milligrams IU = International units
†Percentages are roughly approximated using US recommendations for adults. Source: USDA FoodData Primal

Canned lite tuna in oil is 29% protein, eight% fat, 60% water, and contains no carbohydrates, while providing 200 calories in a 100 gram reference amount (tabular array). Information technology is a rich source (20% or more of the Daily Value, DV) of phosphorus (44% DV) and vitamin D (45% DV), and a moderate source of iron (11% DV).

Mercury and health

Mercury content in tuna can vary widely. Amidst those calling for improved warnings near mercury in tuna is the American Medical Association, which adopted a policy that physicians should assist make their patients more aware of the potential risks.^[90] A study published in 2008 found that mercury distribution in the meat of farmed tuna is inversely related to the lipid content, suggesting that higher lipid concentration within edible tissues of tuna raised in captivity might, other factors remaining equal, have a diluting result on mercury content.^[91] Mackerel tuna is i species of tuna that is lower in mercury concentration than skipjack or yellowfin,^[92] but this species is known every bit "blackness meat" or "nighttime meat" tuna, which is a lower grade for canning because of the color, unfavorable flavor, and poor yield.^[93]

In March 2004, the Usa FDA issued guidelines recommending that pregnant women, nursing mothers, and children limit their intake of tuna and other predatory fish.^[94] The Environmental Protection Agency provides guidelines on how much canned tuna is safe to eat. Roughly speaking, the guidelines recommend one 6-ounce (170 g) can of light tuna per week for individuals weighing less than 110 pounds (50 kg), and two cans per week for those who weigh more.^[95] In 2007, information technology was reported that some canned calorie-free tuna such every bit yellowfin tuna^[96] is significantly higher in mercury than skipjack, and caused Consumers Matrimony and other activist groups to suggest pregnant women to refrain from consuming canned tuna.^[97] In 2009, a California appeals court upheld a ruling that canned tuna does not need warning labels as the methylmercury is naturally occurring.^[98]

A January 2008 report revealed potentially unsafe levels of mercury in certain varieties of sushi tuna, reporting levels "then loftier that the Nutrient and Drug Administration could take legal activity to remove the fish from the market."^[99]

Management and conservation

The principal tuna fishery management bodies are the Western and Central Pacific Fisheries Committee, the Inter-American Tropical Tuna Commission, the Indian Ocean Tuna Commission, the International Commission for the Conservation of Atlantic Tunas, and the Commission for the Conservation of Southern Bluefin Tuna.^[100] The five gathered for the first time in Kobe, Nippon in January 2007. Environmental organizations made submissions^[101] on risks to fisheries and species. The coming together concluded with an action plan drafted by some 60 countries or areas. Concrete steps include issuing certificates of origin to prevent illegal fishing and greater transparency in the setting of regional line-fishing quotas. The delegates were scheduled to meet at some other joint coming together in January or February 2009 in Europe.^[102]

In 2010, Greenpeace International added the albacore, bigeye tuna, Pacific bluefin tuna, Atlantic bluefin tuna, southern bluefin tuna, and yellowfin tuna to its seafood red list, which are fish "normally sold in supermarkets effectually the world, and which take a very high risk of being sourced from unsustainable fisheries."^{[103] [104]}

Bluefin tuna have been widely accustomed as beingness severely overfished, with some stocks at risk of collapse.^{[105] [106]} According to the International Seafood Sustainability Foundation (a global, nonprofit partnership between the tuna industry, scientists, and the World Wide Fund for Nature), Indian Ocean yellowfin tuna, Pacific Ocean (eastern and western) bigeye tuna, and N Atlantic albacore tuna are all overfished. In April 2009, no stock of skipjack tuna (which makes up roughly sixty% of all tuna fished worldwide) was considered to be overfished.^[107] The BBC documentary S Pacific, which showtime aired in May 2009, stated that, should fishing in the Pacific continue at its current rate, populations of all tuna species could collapse within five years. It highlighted huge Japanese and European tuna angling vessels, sent to the Southward Pacific international waters after overfishing their own fish stocks to the point of plummet.^[108]

A 2010 tuna fishery assessment report, released in January 2012 past the Secretariat of the Pacific Community, supported this finding, recommending that all tuna line-fishing should be reduced or express to current levels and that limits on skipjack angling be considered.^[109]

Research^[110] indicates that increasing ocean temperatures are taking a price on the tuna in the Indian Bounding main, where rapid warming of the sea has resulted in a reduction of marine phytoplankton. The bigeye tuna catch rates have too declined abruptly during the by half century, generally due to increased industrial fisheries, with the ocean warming adding further stress to the fish species.^[110]

Encounter likewise

• Ecology impact of fishing
• Got Mercury?
• List of tuna dishes
• Natal homing

References

1. ^ "Tribe Thunnini Starks 1910". PBDB. Archived from the original on 21 January 2019. Retrieved 20 January 2019.
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Further references

• Clover, Charles. 2004. The End of the Line: How Overfishing Is Irresolute the Earth and What We Eat. Ebury Printing, London. ISBN 0-09-189780-seven
• FAO: Species Catalog Vol. ii Scombrids of the World. FAO Fisheries Synopsis No. 125, Volume 2. FIR/S125 Vol. 2.ISBN 92-5-101381-0
• FAO: Review of the state of earth marine fishery resources: Tuna and tuna-like species – Global, 2005 Rome.
• Majkowski, Jacek (1995) "Tuna and tuna-like species" In: Review of the state of world marine fishery resource, FAO Fisheries technical paper 457, FAO, Rome. ISBN 978-92-v-107023-9.
• Majkowski J, Arrizabalaga H, Carocci F and Murua H (2011) "Tuna and tuna-like species" Archived 3 March 2022 at the Wayback Machine In: Review of the state of world marine fishery resources, pages 227–244, FAO Fisheries technical paper 569, FAO, Rome. ISBN 978-92-5-107023-9.
• Standard of Identity for Canned Tuna (United States), Lawmaking of Federal Regulations: 21 CFR 161.190 – Canned tuna.
• Viñas J and Tudela S (2009) "A validated methodology for genetic identification of tuna species (genus Thunnus)" PLoS One, 4(ten): e7606.

Further reading

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Scombridae.

• Bluefin Tuna, Chinese Cobra and Others Added to Red Listing of Threatened Species, Scientific American, xviii November 2014
• How Hot Tuna (and Some Sharks) Stay Warm National Scientific discipline Foundation, 27 Oct 2005

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuna

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